Will AUKUS keep us safe — at what cost?
Click each card to read their full biography.
The AUKUS deal was conceived in secret and with deception — and continues to be shrouded in secrecy despite the incredibly high stakes and massive cost. Our government has already spent $10 billion of our taxes on US and UK shipyards at a time when much of the world is in conflict and Australians are suffering from a cost-of-living crisis.
A group of former MPs, retired military and naval officers, leading strategists and academics, human rights lawyers and union leaders are committing to an independent Public Inquiry into AUKUS. This Inquiry is coordinated by the Australian Peace and Security Forum (APSF) — ensuring it is grounded in expertise, independence, and a commitment to serious evidence-based examination.
"We're writing the cheques. We're taking the most risk. But we are the least curious and the least informed. And whether you like AUKUS or not — that is a disgrace."— The Hon. Malcolm Turnbull AC, 29th Prime Minister of Australia
"So many questions, so few answers. The Australian public deserve more than Cold War rhetoric to justify the mind-boggling expenditure associated with acquiring second-hand, and yet to be designed attack class, nuclear propelled submarines."— Doug Cameron, former ALP Senator
"AUKUS represents the worst defence decision since we relied on Britain to protect us in World War II."— Major General Michael G Smith AO (Ret'd)
"Australia is spending an eye-watering amount to build a capability to defend us from a military threat which in fact is most likely to arise because we have that capability."— Prof. Hon. Gareth Evans AC KC FASSA FAIIA, Former Minister for Foreign Affairs
From financial accountability to nuclear risk — these are the critical areas under review.
Is the $368B+ price tag accurate? What are the opportunity costs for national security, housing, jobs, healthcare, education, climate action, and Closing the Gap between Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and non-Indigenous Australians?
Does AUKUS genuinely enhance Australian security, or does it increase our exposure to great-power conflict with China?
Is AUKUS locking Australia further into the US war machine at the expense of our independence as a middle power?
Does the transfer of nuclear technology set a dangerous precedent? What are the implications for our existing nuclear non-proliferation treaty commitments? Where and how will medium and high-level nuclear waste be stored? What are the long-term environmental risks of operating nuclear-powered submarines in Australian waters?
What is the impact of AUKUS on Australia's tertiary sector, research institutions, and universities? How is the expansion into AI, autonomous weapons, and emerging technologies reshaping Australian defence, and at what cost to sovereign capability? Why must technological advancement be progressed primarily under the AUKUS banner?
Were credible and less costly alternatives to AUKUS properly assessed before the decision was made in secret?
Browse written submissions received by the AUKUS Public Inquiry, in order of most recently submitted. We now have over 600 submissions, and this section is being populated on a rolling basis as they are processed and cleared for publication.
Scroll to browse and click on a submission to open in a new tab
The following written submissions were received ahead of the Melbourne/Naarm hearing on 11 June 2026, presented in the order in which speakers appeared on the day.
The following written submissions and hearing transcripts relate to the Walyalup/Fremantle hearing, presented in the order in which speakers appeared on the day.
The following written submissions and hearing transcripts relate to the Tarndanya/Adelaide hearing, presented in the order in which speakers appeared on the day.
The following written submissions and hearing transcripts relate to the Sydney hearing, presented in the order in which speakers appeared on the day.
The following written submissions relate to the Newcastle hearing, presented in the order in which speakers appeared on the day. Transcripts for two speakers are still pending and will be added once available.
The following written submissions relate to the Wollongong hearing, presented in the order in which speakers appeared on the day. Transcripts for some speakers are still pending and will be added once available.
The following written submissions relate to the Brisbane hearing, presented in the order in which speakers appeared on the day. Transcripts for some speakers are still pending and will be added once available.
We invite written, oral, and video submissions from Australian citizens, organisations, and those in the Pacific and wider region with an interest in the AUKUS security partnership. All views are welcome and anonymous submissions are accepted. Submissions close September 1st, 2026.
Please use our online form to make your submission. This is our preferred method and ensures your submission is received and recorded correctly.
Make a Submission →If you do not have a Google account and are unable to access the online form, you may submit by email. Please indicate the following:
Note: you do not need to provide the above information if you are submitting anonymously.
publicinquiryintoaukus@gmail.comPublic hearings and webinars are scheduled across Australia and online. All are welcome to attend in person or observe online. Locations include:
Presentations will be delivered by invited submitters and Commissioners will engage with the evidence provided. Short presentations are also welcomed on the day without a prior submission, subject to time and availability. To express your interest, nominate yourself during registration.
Register to Attend →Wollongong — Full Hearing Recording
Wollongong — 12 August 2026
The AUKUS Public Inquiry's hearing in Wollongong brought together union, community, and First Nations voices on the impact of AUKUS on the Illawarra region.
Featured Witness
South Coast Labour Council Calls to Rule AUKUS Out
Arthur Rorris, South Coast Labour Council
Arthur Rorris told the Wollongong hearing that AUKUS is a reckless policy choice rather than a settled necessity, and that the interests of the Illawarra community must not be subordinated to a foreign military establishment.
“AUKUS is not a settled necessity. It is a reckless policy choice. Facts must prevail over slogans, sovereignty must prevail over dependency, and the interests of our community must prevail over a foreign military establishment. The people of the Illawarra will not become a nuclear target.”
Newcastle — Full Hearing Recording
Newcastle — 11 August 2026
The AUKUS Public Inquiry's hearing in Newcastle brought together community, faith, education, and local government voices on the impact of AUKUS on the Hunter region.
Featured Witness
Kellie Tranter: “More Money Than There Are Stars in the Milky Way”
Lawyer and Human Rights Activist
Kellie Tranter told the Newcastle hearing that Article 11D of the AUKUS agreement locks Australia into sourcing nuclear fuel from the United States or United Kingdom at their price, despite Australia holding its own domestic uranium supplies.
“Article 11D precludes Australia from enriching uranium or producing nuclear fuel, and requires it to use only fuel transferred under the nuclear propulsion agreement. This means we are locked into the availability and price set by the United States or the UK, notwithstanding us having domestic supplies of uranium which we sell to both nations. So we can build nuclear submarines here but can't use our own fuel.”
Sydney — Full Hearing Recording
Sydney — 10 August 2026
The AUKUS Public Inquiry's hearing in Sydney brought together former political leaders, unions, students, and community voices at NSW Parliament House.
Featured Witness
The Hon Malcolm Turnbull on AUKUS: “It's Not Called a US Base, But It Is a US Base”
29th Prime Minister of Australia
The Hon. Malcolm Turnbull AC told the Sydney hearing that Australia is bearing the greatest financial cost and risk of the three AUKUS partners while remaining the least informed about the arrangement's true terms and implications.
“We're writing the cheques. We're taking the most risk. But we are the least curious and the least informed. And whether you like AUKUS or not — that is a disgrace.”
Tarndanya / Adelaide — Full Hearing Livestream
Tarndanya / Adelaide — 16 July 2026
The third public hearing of the AUKUS Public Inquiry was held on the traditional Country of the Kaurna people, at the Conservation Council of South Australia's Event Theatre, followed by a dedicated First Nations Yarn the next day.
Featured Witness
Christopher Pyne: Why AUKUS is worth the cost and the delays
Former Australian Defence Minister; Strategic Advisor, Lobbyist and Company Director, Pyne & Partners
“AUKUS is not just a submarine procurement. It's also a new United States submarine base in the Indian Ocean — the US doesn't have one. In the Second World War, HMAS Stirling hosted 140 submarines. For the Americans, being able to have a submarine base in the Indian Ocean is a massive strategic advantage.”
Featured Witness
Rex Patrick: “We’re staring at a serious capability gap”
Former Senator for South Australia (2017–2022); Former Royal Australian Navy Submariner; Transparency Advocate
“There's also an opportunity cost. $368 billion — if you think about what you can spend with that amount of money on defence and, indeed, other things, we wouldn't be worrying about fuel security.”
Featured Witness
Andrew Gaczol: “AUKUS Pillar One is a delusion”
Senior Researcher in Federal Parliament; Former Intelligence Analyst, Department of Defence
“There must be some serious questions asked as to whether this is value for money…I note that the International Space Station's cost is approximately 150 billion, and that's a multinational project spanning decades. AUKUS was negotiated in the highest secrecy between the UK, the US, and Australia.”
Featured Witness
ETU: “Australians are being asked to pay more and accept less”
Matt Murphy, National Assistant Secretary; John Adley, Branch Secretary — Electrical Trades Union
“Every dollar committed to AUKUS is a choice. The same investment could accelerate the clean energy transition, build renewable energy industries, fund housing and healthcare and support the industrial workforce of the future.”
Featured Witness
Steve Glasgow: “You cannot guard Australia with legacy steel”
Strategic Analyst
“The current AUKUS Pillar One framework fundamentally fails Australian sovereign requirements. It does not give us an independent capability. It shackles us to a deeply transactional foreign supply chain. It hands us a maintenance leash tied entirely to American and British engineering yards, and it strips away our independent military decision-making.”
Featured Witness
Richard Whitebrook: “We Spend $368 Billion, Maybe, and We Get Three Used Subs”
Concerned Citizen
“Most of the rationale for the subs suggests that they will be used to support US operations. Our own government attempts to avoid admitting that. But the Americans seem happy to argue the point that giving us any submarines at all is in their interest, as we become a force multiplier. This means the project is being funded by Australians essentially so we can participate in American military adventurism rather than any operational need of our own.”
Featured Witness
Chris Schacht says “The AUKUS deal is terrible”
Former Senator for South Australia and Former Minister in the Keating Government; Former Chair, Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade
“All I want to say is that the AUKUS deal is terrible. It's terrible for the cost of money. It's terrible for what it does to Australian sovereignty. And in the end, our future in the Pacific is to have, as Kim Beazley would call, our own defence — self-reliance.”
Featured Witness
David Orr: “AUKUS Has Turned Out to Be a Trojan Horse”
Independent and Peaceful Australia Network – South Australia (IPAN-SA)
“Will Australia ever receive the submarines? Answer: later, fewer, and over budget, if at all. It is highly likely Australia won't receive nuclear submarines. What Australia will get is US nuclear submarine bases that will take us to war.”
Featured Witness
Eileen Darley & Sandra Dann (PACOA): “AUKUS is a war pact”
Port Adelaide Community Opposing AUKUS (PACOA)
“They're building nuclear submarines here in our community, not to defend our coastline, but to patrol the South China Sea thousands of kilometres away, so the US can prepare a war with its greatest economic rival… Our lives, the lives of our children and their futures, and the devastation of our urban and natural environments for generations to come are what's at stake.”
Featured Witness
Jack Thrower: “$18.4 Million Per Job — That Isn't a Great Cost-Benefit”
The Australia Institute
“Money that we spend on defence doesn't have those other uses, and it doesn't help increase the productivity of the economy… The fact that we're diverting resources away from productive uses to military spending is sort of strictly unproductive.”
Featured Witness
Al Rainnie: “It's Highly Unlikely They're Ever Going to Get Any of the Jobs”
Adjunct Research Professor, University of Adelaide
“It's highly unlikely that they're ever going to get any of the jobs… mostly because they simply do not have the training or the skill set or the education that's required to work in something like a nuclear submarine base. In fact, the Australian Strategic Policy Research Institute has said we're going to need a new special visa to import people, because we do not train the people in this country who we need.”
Featured Witness
MOSSA: “It's Legally Our Waste Forever”
Tracey Kermond, Maureen Graney, Michelle Parsons & Mary Houlahan, Mothers for a Sustainable South Australia
“Nuclear submarines will not make Australia safe. They will make us less safe. We said no in 2016 to South Australia becoming a commercial nuclear waste dumping ground. We say no again in 2026 — this time to AUKUS.”
Featured Witness
Friends of the Earth: “Claims That Nuclear Submarines Are Completely Safe Are Myths”
Jim Green and Dr Philip White, Friends of the Earth Adelaide
“Claims that nuclear submarines are completely safe are myths. There has been no public consultation about the dangers associated with AUKUS. No attempt has been made to openly discuss the risks with the residents of Osborne and the wider Adelaide region. The federal and state governments should be honest with the public about the safety risks facing South Australians due to the nuclear submarine project.”
Featured Witness
Kym Davey: “It's One Thing to Build Up Our Defences. It's Another to Be Part of an Aggressive Posture”
Former ALP State Executive Member; Member of Labor Against War
“We've had the narrative. We've had the threat amped up, and we've had a lot of lies told and a lot of skulduggery.”
Featured Witness
Dianne Atkinson: “This Is the Biggest Security Threat That We Face”
Concerned Citizen
“The other threat to Australia's security is the danger that wars will be launched from Australian territory by the US, and that Australia will bear the brunt of retaliation against the US. We've seen this happen in West Asia… Based on US threats, this scenario is currently the most likely reason that any country might attack Australia. This is the biggest security threat that we face.”
Featured Witness
David Noonan: “An Undemocratic Breach of Trust”
B.Sc., M.Env.St
“I think many people see this as a breach of trust — an undemocratic breach of trust by federal and state governments, regardless of which party may be in office… It's an affront to our civil society sensibilities.”
Featured Witness
Melanie Selwood MLC: “93% Say Australians Haven't Been Given Enough Information About AUKUS”
The Greens SA
“When asked what aspects of AUKUS mattered most personally, [survey] respondents were more likely to identify impacts on housing, health care, education, and climate priorities… People repeatedly asked why the government can find hundreds of billions of dollars for AUKUS while communities continue to face housing stress, pressure on public services, growing climate impacts, and the rising cost of living.”
Fremantle / Walyalup — Full Hearing Livestream
Fremantle Public Hearing — 29 June 2026
University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle WA
The second public hearing of the AUKUS Public Inquiry was held in Fremantle/Walyalup, WA, with witnesses including former Defence Minister Linda Reynolds and Dr Colin Hughes, former WA Director of Public Health.
Featured Witness
Linda Reynolds: “AUKUS is necessary but it has not yet hit its stride”
Former Minister for Defence of Australia
“I acknowledge the significance of this hearing being held. It represents exactly what democracies, including our own, fight to preserve…My view is that AUKUS is necessary, but it is not yet hitting its stride…AUKUS is the right partnership, but not the whole answer.”
Featured Witness
Jonathan Huston MLA: “HMAS Stirling pens will become a perfect open-air target”
Independent Member of Parliament, Nedlands
“The HMAS Stirling pens will become a perfect open-air target for precision-guided munitions…We are building the most expensive, second-hand, provocative, open-air target in Australian history.”
Featured Witness
Mick Macfarlane: There are submarines and there are targets
Former Royal Australian Navy personnel and Sonar operator
“The cost of AUKUS is estimated to be in the hundreds of billions… I believe the Australian taxpayer needs to be better informed about the age and service history/life expectancy of the Virginia-Class SSNs we are buying.”
Featured Witness
Leo Kerr: Citizen submission calls the $368 Billion deal a strategic blunder
Concerned Citizen
“Australia does not need nuclear submarines to be secure. We need a defence strategy appropriate to our geography, our budget, and our democratic values.”
Featured Witness
Dr Mike Gilligan: 20-Year Defence Analyst on how self-reliance died and AUKUS was born
Former Head of Force Development and Analysis Division, Department of Defence; Board Member, Pearls and Irritations
“The Virginia class submarine is not a general-purpose vessel such as our Collins class. It is designed for supreme acoustic invisibility for a specific purpose — to find, doggedly track underwater for months and be able to destroy submarines seen as a nuclear threat to the US mainland.”
Featured Witness
Dr Colin Hughes: Former head of Public Health paints a nuclear accident scenario for Rockingham
Former Head of Public Health, Perth Metro; Member, Medical Association for Prevention of War Australia
“Even a low level nuclear accident would have devastating environmental and health effects on all living things in the immediate area including humans.”
Featured Witness
Mark Beeson: “It would be madness for China to even contemplate such a thing”
Adjunct Professor, Australia-China Relations Institute, University of Technology Sydney
“We could fix free education for higher education, we could fix the social housing problem, we could fix remote community problems with their housing, and, of course, make the green transition.”
Featured Witness
Jasmin Diab: “The True Measure of AUKUS Won’t Be the Submarines Themselves”
Partner and Managing Director Australia, Global Nuclear Security Partners
“One of the challenges facing AUKUS is that capability development has progressed faster than public understanding. This has created an information gap that risks undermining public trust.”
Featured Witness
Ivy Lee Patrick: “I was not only grieving AUKUS itself”
Concerned Citizen
“I remember the horror of watching Scott Morrison, Joe Biden and Boris Johnson standing together as AUKUS was announced on TV, of realising that such a significant decision had already been made before Australians had any opportunity to participate in the conversation. That moment has never left me.”
Featured Witness
Stop AUKUS WA says AUKUS “debases our democracy” and “threatens our sovereignty”
Leonie Lundy & Sam Wainwright, Stop AUKUS WA
“AUKUS poses a public health and safety, environmental, security and social cohesion risk to the Cockburn Sound communities. It lacks social licence and a cost benefit analysis.”
Featured Witness
Mia Pepper: AUKUS “really spells disaster for some of the ecosystems”
Conservation Council of Western Australia
“We have very little confidence about how seriously the public will be engaged and how seriously the radioactive elements of this project are being assessed in environmental terms… As far as we can tell, there is nothing in the EPBC Act that ensures that the nuclear components of this project will be assessed at any point in the process.”
Featured Witness
Sophie McNeill: Pensioners in tents while $100 million goes to housing US troops
The Greens (WA) MLC, WA Parliament — Fremantle / Walyalup Hearing, 29 June 2026
“It creates a devastating opportunity cost for our state if our leaders choose to invest $375 billion on AUKUS rather than address the growing housing crisis in this state, or the worsening climate emergency.”
Featured Witness
Dennis Rumley: “We, the Australian people, have not agreed to this”
Emeritus Professor; Political Geographer
“AUKUS is an Anglospheric-imposed arrangement… imposed by two broken Anglo-Great Powers. Because it is a regional attack policy and because it is imposed, AUKUS makes Australia less secure.”
Featured Witness
KA Garlick: “AUKUS asks Western Australians to accept radioactive waste without a permanent solution”
Nuclear Free WA
“The impacts of the nuclear industry are not shared equally. They fall disproportionately on First Nations people, lower income communities, workers, women, and children.”
Melbourne / Naarm — Full Hearing Livestream
Melbourne / Naarm — June 11, 2026
The first public hearing of the AUKUS Public Inquiry was held at the Victorian Trades Hall in Melbourne. Commissioners heard from a range of expert witnesses, academics, former defence officials, and members of the public on the strategic, financial, environmental, and sovereignty implications of the AUKUS deal.
Watch the full hearing above or view on YouTube →
Featured Witness
Gareth Evans: AUKUS was “misconceived from the outset”
Former Minister for Foreign Affairs in the Hawke and Keating Governments (1988–96); former President & CEO, International Crisis Group
“Australia is spending an eye-watering amount to build a capability to defend us from a military threat which in fact is most likely to arise because we have that capability and are using it to fight alongside the US in a conflict in which it is not in our interest to engage, without any guarantee of support in return should we ever need it.”
Featured Witness
Tilman Ruff: Australia would be “the first non-nuclear state to acquire nuclear-powered submarines”
Co-founder, International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN); Nossal Institute for Global Health, University of Melbourne
“Australia will be the first state without nuclear weapons to acquire nuclear-powered submarines under this plan.”
Featured Witness
Richard Tanter: Australia’s nuclear permissiveness is “something we should not be tolerating”
Senior Research Associate, Nautilus Institute; Honorary Professor, University of Melbourne
“To talk about nuclear deterrence is utterly misleading. Nuclear deterrence would be a very good idea if it would work. But for all governments of major nuclear weapons powers, their first consideration is not so much deterrence — but what happens when deterrence fails. And no government of a nuclear weapons state proceeds on the assumption it will fail…”
Featured Witness
John Leslie Lander: Australia is paying $35 Million a day for a fictional threat
Former Deputy Ambassador to China and Head of the China Section, DFAT
“$368 billion. That's $35 million per day for 30 years — for weapons of war, rather than weapons of welfare. Security is not only a defence against possible military attacks. Security involves security from the effects of climate change, and many other developments right across society that are impacting ordinary people all the time.”
Featured Witness
Joseph Camilleri: “One of the saddest decisions ever made by an Australian Government”
Professor Emeritus, La Trobe University
“The decision to become a party to the AUKUS security agreement stands as one of the saddest decisions ever made by an Australian government. It was a decision made for the wrong reasons, in the wrong way, with unfortunate outcomes in the last five years and dire consequences looming in the years ahead.”
Featured Witness
Rod Campbell: “There’s just no case to be had here”
Research Director, Australian Institute
“If you’re interested in creating jobs, you fund health care, you fund education, you fund regional development. From an Australian perspective, or even a South Australian perspective, this is not an employment issue. In terms of jobs per dollar, there’s just no case to be had here. There are so many better options.”
Featured Witness
Dave Sweeney: “We don’t ask, they don’t tell”
Anti-Nuclear Campaigner, Australian Conservation Foundation
“AUKUS was developed in secret and announced to the world one morning by three leaders who have all since lost power. Morrison, Johnson, Biden are all long gone. AUKUS is still with us.”
Featured Witness
Barbara Jackson: AUKUS has “quietly traded away” Australia’s democracy and sovereignty
Concerned Citizen
“Our democracy is precious. Our sovereignty is precious. And right now, both have been quietly traded away in an arrangement that serves American strategic interests far more than our own.”
Featured Witness
Jack Howard: “It's Never Too Late to Step Away From a Dangerous Path”
Labor Against War
“It's never too late to step away from a dangerous path and to pursue a better and safer course of action. There are fundamental principles at stake — our commitment to peaceful conflict resolution, to nuclear non-proliferation, and to regional cooperation and diplomacy.”
The Hon Peter Garrett AM FTSE — Lead Commissioner
The Inquiry's full Terms of Reference — including objectives, scope, methodology, timeframe and governance — are now publicly available.
The Inquiry will commence early June 2026 and produce a final report by 30 October 2026. It will be directed by five eminent Australians as Commissioners, convened under the auspices of the Australian Peace and Security Forum.
We need funding for travel for commissioners and expert witnesses, event spaces for public hearings, accommodation and logistics, and documentation and public reporting. Every contribution helps bring accountability to the largest defence decision in Australia's history.
All contributions will be regularly audited.